I am reproducing this article about Web 2.0 in India that I wrote for I4D , a publication focused on emerging ICT technologies and their socio-economic impact. 我音响本文对Web 2.0在印度，我写的I4D ，出版物集中在新兴的信息和通信技术和社会经济影响。 I4D is run by a NGO called CSDMS , a think tank in this area. I4D是由一个非政府组织要求CSDMS ，一个智囊团在这方面的工作。 The article was published in the July edition of their print magazine; pdf version of the article is here . 这篇文章刊登在7月出版的杂志的印刷; pdf版本的文章在这里。 Worth pointing out that the article was written primarily for a non tech savvy audience. 值得指出的是，写文章主要是为一个非高科技精明的观众。
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Technology is a gradual leveler ; it gets created by a select, knowledgeable few, while remaining an enigma to others. 技术是一个渐进的矫直机 ，它得到所造成的选择，知识渊博少数，而剩下的一个谜给他人。 Only when applications of that technology percolate down to the masses and start helping them do things faster, better, cheaper etc that it becomes an agent of social and economic change.只有当应用这一技术渗透到群众，并开始帮助他们做事情更快，更好，更便宜等，它成为一个代理人的社会和经济变革。 Consider the case of the computer.考虑到情况的电脑。 Fifteen years ago, the most commonly accepted definition of the computer was – “it is a data processing machine†. 15年前，最普遍接受的定义，计算机是一个€ “ â € œit是一个数据处理马奇尼亚€ 。 That definition while technically correct, has little practical relevance in today’s age, when the computer is a data cruncher, an entertainment hub, a communications device et al.这一定义，而在技术上正确的，已没有什么实际意义todayâ € ™年龄，当计算机是一个数据克朗彻，一个娱乐中心，通讯设备等。
Similar is the case with the internet.类似的情况在互联网。 It started as a means of sharing information for academic & military purposes; soon it became the backbone of business communications.它开始作为一种手段，信息共享的学术与军事目的;很快成为业务骨干的通信。 Now the internet is getting social- people have taken center stage and the technology has taken a backseat.现在的互联网正在社会的人采取了中心舞台和技术已经采取了后座。 The internet is slowly but surely becoming an inseparable part of our lives, as it becomes our primary device for “ICE†- information, communication and entertainment .互联网是缓慢但稳步地成为一个不可分割的一部分，我们的生活，因为它成为我们的主要设备为œICEâ € € -信息，通信和娱乐。 And a good indicator of this trend is the emergence of the new wave of the internet, often referred to as Web 2.0.和一个很好的指标，这种趋势出现了新一波互联网，通常被称为Web 2.0的。 Web 2.0 is like a refurbished version of the internet. Web 2.0是像一个翻版互联网。 While Web 1.0 (or the erstwhile internet of the late 1990s, early 2000s) was still focused on technology, Web 2.0 is far more humane – it focuses on people and how they can collectively influence its developing character.虽然网络1.0 （或以前的互联网上世纪90年代末， 2000年初）仍然集中在技术， Web 2.0是迄今为止更人道â € “把重点放在人民以及他们如何才能集体影响其发展的特点。 Little surprise then, that the international person of 2006 chosen by the Time Magazine was “You†– the individual at the center of the current paradigm of the internet.小惊喜然后，国际人， 2006年选择的时代杂志是一个œYouâ € € â € “个人为中心的模式目前的互联网。
The internet’s basic character is changing.该internetâ € ™的基本性质正在发生变化。 And a good way of understanding this change is to delineate how Web 2.0 is different from its earlier incarnation (or Web 1.0).和一个好办法理解这个变化是如何划定Web 2.0是不同于先前的化身（或Web 1.0 ） 。 Consider the following shifts (explained in metaphorical terms):考虑以下变化（隐喻解释条款） ：
Read v Read/write: Earlier, people could just read the internet. 阅读v读/写：早些时候，人们可以刚才宣读互联网。 They were simply the viewers or the audience.他们只是观众或听众。 Now people can easily write back content into the internet - through blogs, forums, multimedia content etc and this is a paradigm shift.现在，人们可以很容易地写回内容纳入互联网-通过博客，论坛，多媒体内容等，这是一个范式转变。
User Generated Content: Vast amounts of content is getting added to the internet through blogs, images, videos, other kinds of media and the majority amongst them is coming from amateurs and not professionals. 用户生成的内容：大量的内容正在添加到互联网上通过博客，图像，视频，其他类型的媒体和其中多数是来自业余爱好者，而不是专业人员。 The entry barriers for creating content are much lower than before and this is a major shift as well.在进入壁垒创造的内容却远低于前，这是一个重大的转变，以及。
Passive consumption v/s Active participation: The earlier version of the internet was characterized by surfing and browsing, whereas Web 2.0 is pivoted on connecting, collaborating and sharing. 被动消费的第V /的积极参与：在较早版本的互联网的特点是上网和浏览，而Web 2.0是相像的连接，协作和交流。
Expert Voices v/s Wisdom of the crowds: The participatory nature of the internet can now be harnessed to precipitate the “wisdom of the crowds†. 专家之声第V /之睿智的人群：参与性质的互联网现在可以利用沉淀的A € œwisdom的crowdsâ € 。 There is a multiplicity of views and opinions, but it is possible to isolate the most strident amongst them and use that within your own context.有各种各样的看法和意见，但却是可能的孤立最强硬的其中和使用，在您自己的背景。
80:20 rule v/s the LongTail: Much of human effort (personal or professional) is oriented towards serving the significant few (or the 80%) at the expense of the insignificant many. 80:20规则第V /第二张长尾：许多人的努力（个人或专业）是面向服务的显着少数国家（或80 ％ ）而牺牲了许多微不足道的。 But that’s changing with what is known as the “Long Tail†- technology advances are making it possible to isolate and service the teeming insignificant millions at the long tail of the internet’s normal distribution curve.但是thatâ € ™这是一种为了满足不断变化与所谓的â € € œLong Tailâ -技术的进步使人们有可能孤立和服务的丰富微不足道的数以百万计的长尾巴的i nternet†™语正态分布曲线。 The message is that “there is room for everyone now†.该邮件的是， € œthere的余地诺瓦人人€ 。
“The content comes to you”: Instead of you having to search and go to the content, the content can be made (through a technology called RSS) to come to you. “内容是你” ：不是你不必去搜索和内容，内容可以（通过所谓的RSS技术）来给你。 This has huge implications in the way, the internet content gets created, distributed and consumed by users, as also the amount of time & effort they have to spend searching for it.这具有巨大影响的方式，互联网内容的创造，分配和消费的用户，还大量的时间和努力，就必须花费寻找它。
It is important to understand that in the evolution of the internet as a medium, its different versions (1.0, 2.0 etc) co-exist along the same continuum.重要的是要认识到，在发展互联网作为一种媒介，它的不同版本（ 1.0 ， 2.0等）并存沿同样的统一体。 They simply correspond to different levels of maturity of the technology and people’s familiarity with that technology at a given point in time.他们只是对应于不同层次的成熟技术和peopleâ € ™语熟悉这项技术在某一特定的时间点。
In India, the internet is gradually becoming ubiquitous (starting with the urban centers), though Web 2.0 is at an incipient stage.在印度，互联网正逐步成为无所不在的（首先是城市中心） ，尽管Web 2.0是在初期阶段。 Given its characterizing benefits (mostly free, on demand availability, convenience, unlimited storehouse of information etc), the internet is being widely used for booking railway & airlines tickets, searching for jobs & matrimonial matches, searching for local facilities etc. But the Web 2.0 dimension of the Indian internet space is confined to a small subsection of its overall user base.鉴于其特有的好处（大多是免费的，按需供应，方便，无限的信息库等） ，互联网正广泛用于铁路订票及航空公司机票，寻找就业机会及婚姻匹配，寻找当地的设施等，但万维网2.0层面的印度互联网空间仅限于一个小款其总体的用户群。 These can be described as the “early adopters†and they typically are technology workers.这些可被描述为â € € œearly adoptersâ ，他们通常是技术工人。 The internet consumption behavior of these early adopters can closely parallel that of the most advanced users in the West.互联网消费行为的这些早期采用者可以密切平行的最先进的用户在西方。 This group is growing quite fast.这个小组正在增长相当快。 While I don’t have data to substantiate my thinking, my hunch is that the rate of growth of Web 2.0 in India (vis-à -vis Web 1.0) is faster than the rate of growth of the internet itself.虽然我多纳€ ™吨的数据来证实我的想法，我的直觉是，增长速度的Web 2.0在印度（相对于网络1.0 ）快于增长速度的互联网本身。
Some of the areas where significant Web 2.0 activity exists currently in India are:一些地方重大活动的Web 2.0目前存在着在印度是：
Blogging: Blogging has caught the fancies of lots of Indians. 博客：博客已引起幻想的许多印度人。 Thousands of new blogs are created daily.数以千计的新博客建立日常。 Most of the blogging is in the English language, though vernacular content is gradually picking up.大多数博客是英文，但白话文的内容正在逐步加快。 People are using blogs as a means of personal expression, or a means of chronicling events.人们利用博客作为一种手段的个人言论，或一种手段记载的事件。 Many self employed professionals are building their digital identities around blogs.许多自雇专业人士也建立了自己的数字身份在博客。 Blogs are playing a huge role in fostering debates about social and political issues.博客发挥了巨大作用，促进辩论，社会和政治问题。
News & Social media: One of the biggest impacts of Web 2.0 can be felt in the way, social media is influencing traditional media (print or online). 新闻与社会新闻媒体：其中最大的影响的Web 2.0可以感觉到的方式，社会媒体是传统媒体的影响（打印或联机） 。 Traditionally, news has always been driven “top down†- by news bureaus and through press releases.传统上，新闻一直是推动了œtop downâ € € -由新闻分社，并通过新闻稿。 Now news (in many cases) is being driven “bottoms up†- by blogs and what can be described as “citizen journalism†.现在的新闻（在许多情况下）正在推动了œbottoms乌帕€ € -的博客和什么可以描述为œ citizenj ournalism†€ 。 The source of news as well as its broadcast is increasingly getting fragmented.新闻来源以及它的广播正日益得到支离破碎。
Social Networking: Social networking websites are quite popular specially with the pre teens, the teens and the young adults. 社会网络：社会网络网站很受欢迎专门与前十几岁的青少年和年轻的成年人。 The need to connect with other like-minded people is universal and while that need itself has not grown, the use of the internet in searching for casual acquaintances, friends or even life-partners is exploding.需要连接与其他志同道合的人士是普遍和需要，而本身并没有增长，利用互联网寻找休闲的熟人，朋友，甚至生命的伙伴爆炸。 More than a dozen social networking websites that currently exist, are proof of this trend and the biggest of them all, Orkut , frequently comes up in parliamentary debates, though not always for the right reasons.十多个社交网站目前存在，都证明了这一趋势，并最大所有这些， Orkut的 ，经常出现在议会的辩论，但并不总是合适理由。 And then there is the trend of cashing in on the popularity of social networking to make inroads into a specific area.然后还有是大势所趋，捞钱的普及，社交网络，使进入某一具体领域。 There are special social networks for music lovers ( www.saffronconnect.com ), for cricket fans ( www.sixer.tv ) and for recruiting technical employees ( www.techtribe.com ).有专门的社会网络为音乐爱好者（ www.saffronconnect.com ） ，为板球球迷（ www.sixer.tv ）和招聘技术人员（ www.techtribe.com ） 。
Content centric communities: Many online communities exist for users to share their multimedia content like images & videos. 内容为中心的社区：许多网上社区存在的用户分享他们的多媒体内容一样的图像和视频。 Digital cameras and camera enabled mobile phones have become cheap and ubiquitous.数码相机和摄像功能的移动电话已成为廉价，无处不在。 It is easy to take a casual or fleeting snapshot with these cameras and upload it to the internet, for sharing with friends and relatives.人们很容易采取临时或短暂的快照与这些相机和它上传到互联网，分享与朋友和亲戚。 While the most popular communities- Flickr for images and YouTube for videos are not India specific, they have very sizable participation (and content) from Indians.虽然最流行的社区， Flickr的图片和 YouTube的视频是具体的而不是印度，他们有非常可观的参与（和内容）由印度人。
Services leveraging the “Long Tail†: Many niche (or unique) online services are emerging, leveraged on the “Long Tail†characteristic of Web 2.0. 服务利用â € € œLong Tailâ ：许多利基（或独特的）的在线服务正在出现，杠杆的â € € œLong Tailâ特征的Web 2.0 。 Consider TempoStand , a website where you can buy/sell independent Indian music with a Creative Common attribution.考虑TempoStand ，网站您可以在这里购买/出售独立的印度音乐与创作的共同归属。 Or iFood.tv , which is a community for food lovers and food making.或iFood.tv ，这是一个社区美食爱好者的天堂和粮食决策。 This trend is likely to explode in future.这种趋势有可能发生爆炸的未来。
Spawning a culture of informal knowledge sharing: Something that exemplifies the power of Web 2.0 in spawning a network of knowledge sharing and open learning is the cult of unconferences ( BarCamps ) that have happened in India recently. 产卵文化的非正式知识共享：东西体现了权力的Web 2.0在产卵网络的知识共享和开放式学习是邪教unconferences （ BarCamps ）已经在印度发生的最近。 Unconferences are informal conferences (or meetings) that are positioned as an anti-thesis of traditional, big budget, formalized conferences. Unconferences是非正式会议（或会议）的位置，作为反传统的论文，大预算，正式的会议。 They are a huge rage across Indian tech centers and they have been propagated largely due to the influence of Web 2.0.他们是一个巨大的愤怒在印度高科技中心，并已传播主要是由于影响的Web 2.0 。 While this has mostly happened for technology professionals, it is possible to replicate it beyond technology (in just about any domain).虽然这是发生的科技人才，可以复制它超越技术（在短短的任何域） 。
Web 2.0 is not without its own criticisms. Web 2.0是没有自己的批评。 It is often described as “more hype than substance†and question are raised about the commercial viability of many of the websites that have sprung up.人们常常形容为宣传€ œmore比substanceâ €和问题提出了商业可行性的许多网站如雨后春笋般涌现了。 That perception, in my opinion, is only partly justified.这种看法在我看来，只有部分是有道理的。 For it is important to understood that this is the new wave of the internet.对于重要的是要理解，这是新一波互联网。 The internet is being put to new uses and by definition anything which is new is unproven and hence initially not likely to have a robust business grounding. Remember when the computer was invented and its critics theorized that there existed a market for 5-10 such machines.互联网正在把新的用途和定义任何新的是未经证实的 ，因此最初可能不会有一个强大的业务基础。 记住当计算机的发明和理论批评存在的市场，这种机器5-10 。 The issue of commercial viability of Web 2.0 is similar, though it is quite likely that some of our existing models of commercial feasibility may need rethinking in the process. 这个问题的商业可行性Web 2.0是类似的，但很可能我们的一些现有模式的商业可行性可能需要重新思考的过程中。
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